鑄造裂紋

   　 （1）鋼錠缺點(diǎn)惹起的鑄造裂紋  大片面鋼錠缺點(diǎn)，鑄造時(shí)都大概造成開(kāi)裂，圖片6-8所示為2Cr13主軸鍛件中間裂紋。這是因?yàn)樵?t鋼錠凝集時(shí)結(jié)晶溫度局限窄，線壓縮系數(shù)大。冷凝補(bǔ)縮不足，表里溫差大，軸心拉應(yīng)力大，沿枝晶開(kāi)裂，造成鋼錠軸心晶間裂紋，該裂紋在鑄造時(shí)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大而成主軸鍛件中已裂紋。

  　 該缺點(diǎn)可經(jīng)歷下列措施予以消除：①進(jìn)步冶煉鋼水純潔度；②鑄錠遲鈍冷卻，削減熱應(yīng)力；③接納優(yōu)越的發(fā)燒劑與保溫帽，增大補(bǔ)縮才氣；④接納中間壓實(shí)鑄造工藝。

 　 （2）鋼中有害雜質(zhì)沿晶界析出惹起的鑄造裂紋  鋼中的硫常以FeS形式沿晶界析出，其熔點(diǎn)僅有982℃，在1200℃鑄造溫度下，晶界上FeS將發(fā)生融化，并以液態(tài)薄膜形式困繞晶粒，破壞晶粒間的結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生熱脆，輕微鍛擊就會(huì)開(kāi)裂。

    鋼中含銅在1100～1200℃溫度下的過(guò)氧化性氣氛中加熱時(shí)，由于選定性氧化，上層會(huì)造成富銅區(qū)，當(dāng)跨越銅在奧氏體中溶解度時(shí)，銅則以液態(tài)薄膜形式漫衍于晶界，造成銅脆，不行鑄造成形。要是鋼中還存在有錫、銻還會(huì)緊張低落銅在奧氏體中的溶解度，加劇這種脆化傾向。

　   （3）異相（第二相）惹起的鑄造裂紋  鋼中第二相的力學(xué)性能往往和金屬基體有很大的差別，于是在變形流動(dòng)時(shí)會(huì)惹起附加應(yīng)力導(dǎo)致整體工藝塑性下降，一旦部分應(yīng)力跨越異相與基體間結(jié)合力時(shí)，則發(fā)生分別辨別造成孔洞。例如鋼中的氧化物、氮化物、碳化物、硼化物、硫化物、硅酸鹽等等。假設(shè)這些相呈密集。鏈狀漫衍，尤其在沿晶界結(jié)合力微弱處存在，高溫鍛壓就會(huì)開(kāi)裂。圖片6-10是20SiMn鋼 87t錠因微細(xì)的 AlN沿晶界析出惹起鑄造開(kāi)裂的宏觀形貌，其表面曾經(jīng)氧化，出現(xiàn)多面體柱狀晶。微觀說(shuō)明評(píng)釋，鑄造開(kāi)裂與微細(xì)的顆粒狀A(yù)lN沿一次晶晶界大量析出有關(guān)。

  　 對(duì)策是：

　    1）限制鋼中加鋁量，去除鋼中氮?dú)饣蛴眉逾伔ㄒ种艫lN析出量；

 　   2）接納熱送鋼錠，過(guò)冷相變處理工藝；

　    3）進(jìn)步熱送溫度（＞900℃）干脆加熱鑄造；

　    4）鍛進(jìn)步行充分的勻稱化退火，使晶界析出相分散。

　    6.過(guò)熱、過(guò)燒與溫度不均

  　  加熱溫度過(guò)高或高溫停頓光陰過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)易惹起過(guò)熱、過(guò)燒。過(guò)熱使質(zhì)料的塑性與打擊韌性顯著低落。過(guò)燒時(shí)質(zhì)料的晶界劇烈氧化大概融化，完全落空變形才氣。

    當(dāng)加熱溫度漫衍緊張不勻稱，闡揚(yáng)為鍛坯表里、正背面、沿長(zhǎng)度溫差過(guò)大，在鑄造時(shí)惹起不均變形，偏心鑄造等缺點(diǎn)，亦稱欠熱。

   　 對(duì)策是：

　    l）嚴(yán)酷實(shí)行正確的加熱規(guī)范；

　    2）留意裝爐方法，防止部分加熱；

 　   3）調(diào)準(zhǔn)測(cè)溫儀表，經(jīng)心加熱操縱，控制爐溫、爐氣流動(dòng)，防止不勻稱加熱。

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Casting crack

   (1) Casting cracks caused by the defects of steel ingots The disadvantages of large-section steel ingots are probably caused by cracking during casting. Figures 6-8 show the intermediate cracks of 2Cr13 spindle forgings. This is because the crystallization temperature is narrow and the line compression coefficient is large when the 6t steel ingot is agglomerated. Insufficient condensation and shrinkage, large temperature difference in the surface, large axial tensile stress, cracking along the dendrites, causing intergranular cracks in the ingot axis, which is further enlarged during casting to become cracked in the spindle forging.

  This shortcoming can be eliminated by the following measures: 1 improving the purity of molten steel; 2 ingot cooling, reducing thermal stress; 3 receiving superior heat-generating agent and thermal insulation cap, increasing the feeding capacity; 4 receiving the intermediate compact casting process.

 (2) The sulfur in the cast cracked steel caused by the precipitation of harmful impurities along the grain boundary in steel often precipitates along the grain boundary in the form of FeS. Its melting point is only 982 °C. At the casting temperature of 1200 °C, FeS will melt on the grain boundary. And the film is trapped in the form of a liquid film, destroying the bond between the grains to produce hot brittleness, and slight forging will crack.

    When the copper in the steel is heated in a peroxidizing atmosphere at a temperature of 1100 to 1200 ° C, the upper layer causes a copper-rich region due to selective oxidation. When the solubility in copper is in the austenite, the copper is in the form of a liquid film. It is distributed in the grain boundary, causing copper to be brittle and not casting. If there are tin and antimony in the steel, the solubility of copper in the austenite will be weakened, which will aggravate this embrittlement tendency.

(3) The mechanical properties of the second phase in the cast cracked steel caused by the heterogeneous (second phase) tend to be very different from that of the metal matrix, so that additional stress will be caused during the deformation flow, resulting in a decrease in the overall process plasticity. When the bonding force between the heterogeneous phase and the substrate is crossed, the holes are separately identified. For example, oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides, sulfides, silicates, and the like in steel. Assume that these phases are dense. Chain-like diffusion, especially in the weak adhesion along the grain boundary, high temperature forging will crack. Figure 6-10 shows the macroscopic morphology of the 87t ingot of the 20SiMn steel due to the precipitation of fine AlN along the grain boundary. The surface is once oxidized and polyhedral columnar crystals appear. According to the microscopic explanation, the casting cracking is related to the precipitation of fine granular AlN along the primary crystal grain boundary.

  The countermeasures are:

1) limiting the amount of aluminum added to the steel, removing nitrogen from the steel or suppressing the precipitation of AlN by adding titanium;

 2) Accepting hot-sending steel ingots, supercooled phase change treatment process;

3) Progressive hot delivery temperature (>900 ° C) simply heating casting;

4) Forging into the foot and fully aligning the annealing to disperse the grain boundary precipitation phase.

6. Overheating, overheating and uneven temperature

  If the heating temperature is too high or the high temperature is too long, it will easily cause overheating and overheating. Overheating significantly reduces the plasticity and impact toughness of the material. During the over-burning, the grain boundary of the material is violently oxidized and melted, and it is completely emptied and deformed.

    When the heating temperature is uneven, it is said that the forging billet is in the front, the back, the temperature difference is too large, causing uneven deformation during casting, eccentric casting and other shortcomings, also known as underheating.

   The countermeasures are:

l) Strictly implement the correct heating specifications;

2) Pay attention to the furnace charging method to prevent partial heating;

 3) Adjust the temperature measuring instrument, control the temperature of the furnace and the flow of the furnace gas to prevent uneven heating.